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Termites can distinguish nestmates and non-nestmates through compound communication and gut symbionts: compounds consisting of hydrocarbons released from the cuticle permit the recognition of alien termite species.148149 Each colony has its own distinct odour. This odour is due to genetic and environmental factors like the termites' diet and the composition of the bacteria within the termites' intestines.150.

Termites rely on alarm communication to defend a colony.134 Alarm pheromones can be discharged when the nest has been breached or is being attacked by enemies or potential pathogens. Termites constantly avoid nestmates infected with Metarhizium anisopliae spores, through vibrational signals released by infected nestmates.151 Other procedures of defence include intense jerking and secretion of fluids from the frontal gland and defecating faeces containing alarm pheromones.134152.

In certain species, some soldiers obstruct tunnels to prevent their enemies from entering the nest, and they may intentionally repaint themselves as an act of defence.153 In cases where the intrusion is coming from a breach that is bigger than the soldier's head, defence requires a distinctive formations where soldiers form a phalanx-like formation around the breach and sting at intruders.154 If an invasion completed by Megaponera analis is successful, an entire colony may be ruined, although this scenario is infrequent.154.

To termites, any violation of their tunnels or nests is a cause for alarm. When termites discover a potential violation, the soldiers usually bang their heads, apparently to attract different soldiers for defence and to recruit additional employees to repair any breach.56 Additionally, an alarmed termite lumps into other termites that induces them to be alarmed and to leave pheromone trails to the disturbed area, which is also a way to recruit extra workers.56.

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The pantropical subfamily Nasutitermitinae includes a specialised caste of soldiers, also known as nasutes, that possess the ability to exude noxious liquids through a horn-like frontal projection they use for defence.155 Nasutes have dropped their mandibles throughout the plan of evolution and have to be fed by employees.59 A vast array of monoterpene hydrocarbon solvents have been identified in the fluids which nasutes secrete.156 Likewise, Formosan subterranean termites have been known to secrete naphthalene to protect their nests.157.

Soldiers of those species Globitermes sulphureus commit suicide by autothysis  rupturing a huge gland just beneath the surface of the cuticles. The thick, yellowish fluid in the gland gets very sticky on contact with the air, entangling ants or other insects which are trying to invade the nest.158159 Another termite, Neocapriterme taracua, additionally engages in suicidal defence.

When soldiers guarding nest entrances are attacked by intruders, they engage in autothysis, creating a cube which denies entry to any attacker.161.

Workers use several different approaches to deal with their deceased, including burying, cannibalism, and avoiding a corpse altogether.162163164 To prevent pathogens, termites occasionally engage in necrophoresis, in which a nestmate conveys a corpse from the colony to dispose of it everywhere.165 Which strategy is used depends on the nature of the corpse a worker is dealing with (i.e.

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A species of fungus is known to mimic termite eggs, successfully avoiding its natural predators. These small brown chunks, known as"termite balls", rarely kill the eggsand in certain circumstances the employees tend to these.166 see page This fungus mimics these eggs by producing a cellulose-digesting enzyme known as glucosidases.167 A unique mimicking behavior exists between various species of Trichopsenius beetles and certain particular species within Reticulitermes.

This compound mimicry allows the beetles to integrate themselves within the termite colonies.168 The developed appendages on the physogastric abdomen of Austrospirachtha mimetes enables the beetle to mimic a termite worker.169.

Some species of ant are known to catch termites to use as a brand new food source later on, rather than killing them. For example, Formica nigra captures termites, and people who attempt to escape are instantly seized and driven underground.170 Certain species of ants in the subfamily Ponerinae conduct these raids although other ant species move in alone to steal the eggs or nymphs.146 Ants such as Megaponera analis assault the exterior of mounds and Dorylinae ants attack underground.146171 Despite this, some termites and ants can coexist peacefully.

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54 species of ants are known to inhabit Nasutitermes mounds, both inhabited and abandoned ones.174 One reason many ants reside in Nasutitermes mounds is a result of the termites' frequent occurrence in their geographical range; another would be to shield themselves from floods.174175 Iridomyrmex also inhabits termite mounds although no evidence for any kind of relationship (other than the usual predatory one) is known.116 In rare situations, certain species of termites reside inside active ant colonies.176 Some invertebrate organisms such as beetles, caterpillars, flies and millipedes are termitophiles and reside inside termite colonies (they are unable to survive independently).56 As a consequence, certain beetles and flies have evolved with their hosts.